Date: 17/02/2023

Relevance: GS-2: Issues Relating to Development and Management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health

Key Phrases: Antimicrobial Resistance, communicable diseases, Indian Network for Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance (INSAR) study, Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS), National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance, Muscat conference.

Why in News?

• The COVID-19 pandemic is slowly receding, but the dangerous and persistent pandemic of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is still present and needs an urgent and comprehensive global and national response, and while most countries, including India, responded quickly to the threat of COVID-19, the rapidly rising rates of AMR require an accelerated and multi-sectoral response.

The harmful impact of AMR:

• Hard to treat:
  • Microbial resistance to antibiotics has made it harder to treat infections such as pneumonia, tuberculosis (TB), blood poisoning (septicaemia), and several food-borne diseases.
• Huge health cost:
  • AMR also imposes a huge health cost on the patient in the form of longer hospitalization, health complications, and delayed recovery.
• Advance procedure:
  • It puts patients undergoing major surgeries and treatments, such as chemotherapy, at a greater risk. Many times, patients recover from advanced medical procedures but succumb to untreatable infections.
• Deaths:
  • In 2019, AMR was associated with an estimated 4.95 million human deaths.
• Increasing burden of communicable diseases:
  • AMR adds to the burden of communicable diseases and strains the health systems of a country.
  • An Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) study in 2022 showed that the resistance level increases from 5% to 10% every year for broad-spectrum antimicrobials.
  • An Indian Network for Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance (INSAR) study indicated a high rate of resistance to commonly used drugs such as ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, co-trimoxazole, erythromycin, and clindamycin.

India and the Muscat conference:

• As the current G-20 president, and as a country vulnerable to this silent pandemic, India’s role is critical in ensuring that AMR remains high on the global public health agenda.
• India’s commitment to the cause was evident at the Third Global High-Level Ministerial Conference on Antimicrobial Resistance (November 24-25, 2022) held in Muscat, where over 30 countries adopted the Muscat Ministerial Manifesto on AMR.
• The Muscat Manifesto recognized the need to accelerate political commitments in the implementation of One Health action for controlling the spread of AMR.
• It also recognized the need to address the impact of AMR not only on humans but also on animals, and in areas of environmental health, food security, and economic growth and development.
• The conference focused on three health targets:
  • Reduce the total amount of antimicrobials used in the agri-food system at least by 30-50% by 2030.
  • Eliminate the use in animals and food production of antimicrobials that are medically important for human health.
  • Ensure that by 2030 at least 60% of overall antibiotic consumption in humans is from the WHO "Access" group of antibiotics.
• India has committed to strengthening surveillance and promoting research on newer drugs. It also plans to strengthen private sector engagement and the reporting of data to the WHO Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) and other standardized systems.

High levels of resistance

• WHO has increasingly expressed concern about the dangerously high levels of antibiotic resistance among patients across countries. For example, ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic commonly used to treat urinary tract infections.
• According to WHO, resistance to ciprofloxacin varied from 8.4% to 92.9% for Escherichia coli (E. coli) and from 4.1% to 79.4% for Klebsiella pneumoniae (a bacteria that can cause life-threatening infections such as pneumonia and intensive care unit- related infections).
• The global epidemic of TB has been severely impacted by multidrug resistance - patients have less than a 60% chance of recovery.

The need for a One Health approach:

• The One Health approach requires all stakeholders to work together towards an integrated program linking challenges of humans, terrestrial and aquatic animals, plant health, food, and feed production, and the environment.
• This approach will enable the world to effectively prevent, predict, and detect the health crisis induced by AMR.
• Tackling AMR requires constant monitoring of antibiotic consumption and identifying the types and quantities of antibiotics being used.
• There is also an urgent need to reduce the usage of antimicrobials in the agri-food system. Scientific evidence suggests that the fewer antimicrobials are used, the less likely there will be an emergence of drug resistance.

India’s efforts:

• National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (2017-21):
  • It emphasized the effectiveness of the government’s initiatives for hand hygiene and sanitation programs such as Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, Kayakalp, and Swachh Swasth Sarvatra.
• Community Awareness:
  • The government has also attempted to increase community awareness about healthier and better food production practices, especially in the animal food industry.
• National Health Policy 2017:
  • It also offered specific guidelines regarding the use of antibiotics, limiting the use of antibiotics as over-the-counter medications and banning or restricting the use of antibiotics for growth promotion in livestock.
  • It also called for scrutiny of prescriptions to assess antibiotic usage in hospitals and among doctors. Everything in these policies now needs strong implementation on the ground.

Way forward:

• The various G-20 health summits spread through 2023 offer an opportunity for India to ensure that all aspects of AMR are addressed and countries commit to progress.
• Some key areas for action are:
  • Surveillance — both phenotypic and genotypic — of priority pathogens and sharing of data, including through WHO’s GLASS platform;
  • Regulatory and policy action to stop the use of antibiotics that are important for human health in animals;
  • No use of antibiotics for growth promotion in animals;
  • More government investment in research and innovation for new antibiotics;
  • Explore the use of vaccines to prevent certain infections due to AMR organisms in humans and animals;
  • Special focus on combating TB and drug-resistant TB.

Source: The Hindu

Mains Question:

Q. What is Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), how does it affect global public health, and how does the Muscat Manifesto on AMR propose to tackle the issue of AMR globally?