Answer: B

Explanation:

India has established two Defence Industrial Corridors -one in Uttar Pradesh and another in Tamil Nadu. The Uttar Pradesh corridor encompasses nodes in Agra, Aligarh, Chitrakoot, Jhansi, Kanpur and Lucknow. The Tamil Nadu corridor includes nodes in Chennai, Coimbatore, Hosur, Salem and Tiruchirappalli. Hence, option (b) is correct.

Answer: A

Explanation:

Submarines are specialised watercrafts capable of independent underwater operations using onboard power and systems for extended periods. They play a vital role in naval warfare due to their stealth and agility. As a key part of maritime defence, they can conduct intelligence gathering and anti-submarine operations. Modern submarines have advanced navigation, communication, and weapons systems, making them formidable naval assets. India has significant submarine platforms supporting its maritime interests, encompassing different classes of diesel-electric attack submarines as well as nuclear-powered submarines with the ability to launch ballistic missiles. Hence, statement 1 is correct while 2 is incorrect.

Answer: A

Explanation:

Submarines use a variety of propulsion systems, such as battery-electric propulsion, diesel-electric engines, Air-independent propulsion and nuclear reactors. Air-independent propulsion provides extra underwater endurance to the non-nuclear submarines (SSKs) so that they can stay underwater for a longer time (two weeks). Without this, they have to come to the surface every 48 hours. Air-independent propulsion makes the non-nuclear submarines virtually silent and even more stealthier than the nuclear submarines. The reactors of nuclear submarines make some amount of detectable noise, making them vulnerable. Three types of Air-independent propulsion technology are used. These are Steam engine (ethanol and oxygen), Stirling engine (liquid oxygen and diesel fuel) and fuel cells (Hydrogen cell, lithium-ion battery). Hence, statement 1 is correct while statements 2 and 3 are incorrect.

Answer: D

Explanation:

Submarines use SONAR (sound navigation and ranging) technology, which emits and analyses sound waves, to detect and track other vessels. Both active (sound generated by submarines and then reflected by the target) and passive (sound generated by the target) sonars are used. They aid submarines in detecting obstacles to the Earth’s magnetic field as well as deterring any underwater threat to the submarines. Hence, option (d) is correct.

Answer: C

Explanation:

India deploys a spectrum of conventional and nuclear-powered submarines equipped with suitable sensor suites, armaments and engines fulfilling niche maritime operations. India has three classes of submarines: the Shishumar class, the Sindhughosh class and the indigenously developed Kalvari class.

Shishumar class carry advanced sensory capabilities optimised for anti-sub and anti-ship warfare to dominate the Arabian Sea. The commissioned Sishumar class submarines are INS Shishumar, INS Shankush, INS Shalki and INS Shankul. Hence, pair 1 is correctly matched.

Sindhughosh class includes 7 active Russian-origin Kilo-class submarines. They contain satellite sensors, radar, sonar and electronic surveillance as well as anti-ship and anti-submarine weaponry. The commissioned Sindhughosh class submarines are INS Sindhughosh, INS Sindhudhvaj, INS Sindhuraj, INS Sindhuvir, INS Sindhuratna and INS Sindhukesari. Hence, pair 2 is correctly matched.

Kalvari class are the indigenously built six diesel-electric submarines of Contemporary Barracuda designs under technology transfer from France’s Scorpene class submarines, built at Mazagon Dock. Names of the Kalvari class submarines (commissioned only) are INS Kalvari, INS Khanderi, INS Karanj, INS Vela and INS Vagir. Hence, pair 3 is correctly matched.