Answer: A

Explanation:

Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy is a way to get immune cells called T cells (a type of white blood cell) to fight cancer by editing them in the lab so they can find and destroy cancer cells. T cells are taken from the patient’s blood and are changed in the lab by adding a gene for a man-made receptor (called CAR). Hence, statement 1 is correct.

This helps them better identify specific cancer cell antigens. The CAR T cells are then given back to the patient. It is also sometimes talked about as a type of cell-based gene editing because it involves altering the genes inside T cells to help them attack cancer. Though this technology has a remarkable therapeutic potential for cancer patients, at present this technology is not available in India. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

Development of CAR-T cell technology for diseases including acute lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, glioblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and type-2 diabetes is supported through DBT. Each patient’s CAR-T cell therapy costs 3-4 crore (INR). The challenge, therefore, is to develop this technology in a cost-effective manner and make it available to the patients. The manufacturing complexity is a major reason for the therapy cost. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Answer: C

Explanation:

Bionics is not a specialized science. It refers to the use of principles of biology to engineering. Now it is used more to describe a method to engineer organs that can replace diseased or non-functional organs in human body. Hence, statement 1 is correct.

Bionics is different from bioengineering (or Biotechnology), which is the use of living things to perform industrial tasks like use of microbes to remove waste etc. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Answer: A

Explanation:

Biofiltration is a pollution control technique used in biotechnology that uses bioreactors. These bioreactors contain microorganisms that can reduce pollution from substances. Hence, statement I is correct.

Biofiltration technology is used extensively to remove harmful elements from polluted soil. Biofilter media contains millions of indigenous microorganisms that convert organic compounds into the form of carbon dioxide and water. Hence, statement II is correct.

Here, both Statement A and Statement II are correct, and Statement-II is the correct explanation of Statement-I. Hence option (a) is correct.

Answer: B

Explanation:

Ethanol blending is the process of mixing at least 99% pure ethyl alcohol derived from agricultural products with gasoline to create a blended motor fuel. The Government of India's Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) program blends 10% ethanol with petrol, and aims to increase the percentage to 20% by 2024-25 and 30% by 2029-30. Hence, statement 1 is correct.

Ethanol is a renewable and environmentally friendly fuel made from biomass, such as the starches of grains like corn, barley and sorghum, and the sugar in sugar cane and sugar beets. Denaturants are added to ethanol to make it undrinkable. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

Answer: D

Explanation:

Any hydrocarbon fuel that is produced from an organic matter such as living or once living material in a short period of time like days, weeks or even months is considered a biofuel. Biofuels may be solid (Wood, dried plant material and manure), liquid (Bioethanol and Biodiesel) or gaseous (Biogas) in nature. Hence, option (d) is correct.