Answer: C

Explanation:

As with agriculture, India was unable to develop a strong industrial base under the colonial system. The country's world-renowned crafts were in decline, but no modern industrial base was allowed to be created that could replace that prestigious tradition. The foreign rulers had a dual objective behind this de-industrialization of India. Firstly, they wanted to make India an exporter of raw materials for the modern industries developing in England. Secondly, they also wanted to make India a huge market for the products of those industries. Thus, with the help of the expansion of those industries, they wanted to ensure maximum profit for their country (Britain). Hence, statements 1 and 2 both are correct.

Answer: C

Explanation:

In the latter half of the nineteenth century, some modern industries began to be established in India, but their growth remained slow. Initially, this development was limited to the establishment of cotton textile and jute industries. Cotton textile mills were mostly set up by Indian entrepreneurs and were located in the western regions of the country (present-day Maharashtra and Gujarat). The credit for the establishment of the jute industry can be given to foreigners. This industry remained limited to the Bengal province only. The iron and steel industry started developing in the early years of the twentieth century. Hence, statements 1 and 2 both are correct.

Answer: A

Explanation:

Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) was founded by Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata and established by Sir Dorabji Tata on 26th August 1907. It was completed in 1910 but the production started in 1911. It is popularly known as TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Company). It is located in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.

After the Second World War, some factories of sugar, cement, paper etc. were also established. This development happened due to many reasons, including emphasis on industrialization after independence, development of infrastructure, government policies, increasing population and demand etc. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Answer: C

Explanation:

Under colonial rule, railways, ports, water transport and post-telegraph etc. developed in the country. Its aim was not to provide more facilities to the general public. These works were done with the aim of serving colonial interests. The roads built before the British rule were not suitable for modern means of transport. The purpose of the roads they built was also to facilitate the movement of their armies within the country and to help transport raw materials from the interior parts of the country to the nearest railway station or port. Hence, statements 1 and 2 are correct.

The British introduced railways in India in 1850. This is considered their most important contribution. Railways affected the structure of India's economy in two important ways. On one hand, it provided people with the opportunity to travel long distances easily by reducing geographical and cultural barriers, and on the other hand, it promoted the commercialization of Indian agriculture. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Answer: A

Explanation:

Tax reforms refer to the taxation and public expenditure policies of the government, which are collectively called fiscal policies. There are two types of taxes: direct taxes and indirect taxes. Direct taxes are levied on the income of individuals and the profits of business enterprises. Since 1991, the rates of taxes imposed on personal income have been continuously reduced. The main assumption behind this was that high tax rates lead to tax evasion. Hence, statement 1 is correct.

In 2016, an amendment to the Indian Constitution empowered the Central and State governments to levy goods and services tax. This move led to the introduction of goods and services tax in India. It is hoped that the government will get additional revenue, reduce tax evasion and create 'one nation, one tax, one market'. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.