Context:

A recent study published in Science has highlighted key findings regarding tiger occupancy in India, revealing a 30% increase in tiger habitats over the last two decades. However, the study also points to significant challenges in regions affected by poverty, armed conflict, and land-use changes, where tiger populations have seen a decline.

Key Findings of the Report:

• Increase in Tiger Occupancy: The study reported a 30% increase in tiger occupancy, covering 138,200 square kilometers, including areas that were previously unoccupied by tigers.
• Preferred Habitats: Tigers were found to prefer regions with low human presence, abundant prey, and minimal urbanization.
• Current Tiger Population: India is home to approximately 3,700 tigers, which account for 75% of the global tiger population, according to the 2023 census.

Regional Variations

• Positive Growth in Certain Areas: Regions with high prey availability and low human interference saw an increase in tiger populations.
• Decline in Conflict-Affected Areas: Areas like Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand, which are affected by armed conflict, saw a decline in tiger numbers.
• Impact of Poverty: Regions with high rural poverty rates recorded the lowest rates of tiger colonization.
• Local Extinctions: Naxal-affected areas, particularly in Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand, experienced higher incidences of local tiger extinctions due to factors like poaching and bush meat consumption.

Implications of the Findings

• The study suggests that tiger recovery is more likely in regions with greater political stability and less armed conflict.
• Strong conservation laws and government efforts have played a vital role in the recovery of tiger populations in several regions.
• Investments in eco-development projects that benefit local communities could help in tiger conservation efforts while improving the livelihoods of those living in proximity to tiger habitats.

About the Bengal Tiger

• The Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) is the most common tiger subspecies, found across India, Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Nepal, and Bhutan.
• Key Habitats: These tigers are unique for inhabiting mangrove ecosystems, particularly in the Sundarbans forest, a crucial habitat for the species.
• Population and Conservation Status: The 2023 census recorded 3,682 Bengal tigers in India. The Bengal tiger is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List and is protected under CITES Appendix I and Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
• Ecological Role: As flagship and umbrella species, Bengal tigers are vital for ecosystem health. Their presence indicates a healthy environment, while their decline can signal broader ecological issues.