Context

Rhodamine B, a synthetic dye widely used in textiles, leather, and paper, has come under scrutiny due to its illegal use in food products. Known for its vibrant pink color and fluorescent properties, the dye poses severe health risks, including DNA damage, mutations, and potential carcinogenic effects.

What is Rhodamine B?

Rhodamine B (C₂₈H₃₁ClN₂O₃) is a water-soluble synthetic dye that appears green in powder form and bright fluorescent pink when dissolved in water.

·        It is primarily used in industries like textiles, leather, paper, and paints, and in scientific research for its fluorescence. Its persistent nature makes it non-biodegradable, contributing to environmental pollution.

·        Despite its industrial utility, Rhodamine B is classified globally as toxic and banned in consumables.

Harmful Impacts of Rhodamine B

·        Rhodamine B is associated with serious health risks. Studies indicate its carcinogenic properties, linking it to DNA damage, mutations, and tumor growth in animal models.

·        Prolonged exposure may harm vital organs like the liver, kidneys, and bladder. It can also cause oxidative stress, leading to cellular damage.

·        Children and immunocompromised individuals are particularly vulnerable. Environmentally, the dye contaminates ecosystems through residual traces in wastewater.

·        It has potential to cause DNA damage, oxidative stress, and tumor growth. Dermatologists highlight the risks of allergic reactions and chronic pigmentation changes from unregulated use.

Global Regulatory Actions:

In the United States, the FDA banned Rhodamine B in consumables decades ago and reinforced the prohibition in January 2025, citing growing evidence of its carcinogenicity. 

·        Similarly, the European Union has long restricted its use, labeling it a “substance of very high concern.”

India’s Actions against Rhodamine B

• Tamil Nadu: Banned colored cotton candy in February 2024 after detecting Rhodamine B, citing violations of the Food Safety and Standards Act (2006).
• Karnataka: Prohibited its use in popular street foods like cotton candy in March 2024, with stringent penalties for violators, including ₹10 lakh fines and imprisonment.
• Puducherry and Himachal Pradesh: Similar bans were imposed in early 2024 to protect public health.

The Way Forward

India needs stronger research and enforcement mechanisms to combat harmful additives. Experts suggest proactive funding by FSSAI for studies on food additives, especially synthetic dyes, and increased public awareness about food safety. Ensuring that foods are not only appealing but also safe is crucial for long-term public health.