Context:

The Ministry of Mines has reclassified Barytes, Felspar, Mica, and Quartz from minor minerals to major minerals. This decision aligns with the National Critical Mineral Mission, approved by the Union Cabinet on January 29, 2025. The mission aims to enhance exploration and mining of critical minerals within India, including their recovery from existing mines containing these reclassified minerals.

Reason behind Reclassification:

These minerals play a crucial role in sectors such as energy transition, electronics, healthcare, and space industries. They are often found alongside critical minerals like Lithium, Beryllium, and Tantalum, which were not actively extracted or reported under the minor mineral classification. The reclassification aims to unlock these critical minerals, promote scientific exploration, and enhance mining efficiency.

Key Applications of Reclassified Minerals:

·        Barytes: Essential for oil and gas drilling, electronics, medical radiation shielding, and high-density concrete used in x-ray blocking.

·        Felspar: Used in the manufacturing of glass, ceramics, and construction materials.

·        Mica: Critical in electronics, cosmetics, and as an insulation material in electrical devices.

·        Quartz: Widely used in glass, ceramics, and electronics production, and is an important source of critical minerals like Lithium and Tin.

Effects on Existing Leases:

A four-month transition period (until June 2025) has been implemented to ensure a smooth regulatory shift. During this time, existing leases will remain operational without disruptions while gradually transitioning to the regulations of major minerals. Additionally, lease periods will be extended up to 50 years from the date of grant or until the completion of any renewal period, as per the MMDR Act, 1957.

Classification of Minerals in India:

The classification of minerals under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (MMDR Act) determines regulation, licensing, and royalty fees:

• • Major Minerals: Listed in the First Schedule of the MMDR Act, these minerals have high economic and strategic importance.
    • Examples: Coal, Iron ore, Bauxite, Manganese ore, Copper ore, Gold, Uranium.
  • Minor Minerals: Not listed in the First Schedule, these minerals are generally less valuable and managed at the state level.
    • Examples: Limestone, Sandstone, Granite, Gravel, Sand, Ordinary clay, Building stones.

While major minerals undergo stricter government oversight, minor minerals follow state-level regulations with more lenient extraction procedures.

Way Forward:

The reclassification of Barytes, Felspar, Mica, and Quartz as major minerals marks a strategic shift towards sustainable and efficient mining. This move is expected to secure critical minerals, strengthen industrial sectors, and support future technologies. While the transition requires careful planning, it holds immense potential for India's mining and industrial growth.