Context: In response to a question in the Rajya Sabha, Shri Kirti Vardhan Singh, Union Minister of State for Environment, Forest and Climate Change, outlined India's efforts in mangrove conservation along its coastal areas.

Regulatory Measures for Mangrove Conservation:

The Indian government has established a robust regulatory framework to protect mangrove ecosystems. Key regulations include:

• Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification (2019): Under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, this notification restricts activities that could harm mangroves and other coastal ecosystems, ensuring their conservation while permitting sustainable development.
• Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Protects wildlife habitats, including mangroves, by regulating human activities that could threaten these ecosystems.
• Indian Forest Act, 1927 & Biological Diversity Act, 2002: These acts provide additional safeguards for the preservation and management of mangrove forests.

MISHTI Initiative

• Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes (MISHTI): Launched on World Environment Day (June 5, 2023), MISHTI aims to restore and conserve mangroves across nine states and three Union Territories.
• The initiative focuses on the restoration of approximately 540 km² of mangrove cover over a five-year period (2023-2028).
• The initiative is supported by the National Coastal Mission Programme, which encourages convergence with other environmental schemes.

Benefits of Mangroves

1.   Coastal Protection: Mangroves protect coastal communities from flooding, storm surges, and tsunamis.

2.   Carbon Sequestration: They store carbon at a faster rate than many tropical forests, helping mitigate climate change.

3.   Biodiversity: Mangroves support rich marine life, providing breeding grounds for fish and other species.

4.   Livelihood Support: Mangroves contribute to local economies through fisheries and tourism.

Impact of Conservation Efforts

According to the India State of Forest Report 2023, India’s mangrove cover increased by 252 km² between 2015 and 2021. West Bengal, Gujarat, and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands have the highest concentrations of mangrove forests. Gujarat, in particular, saw significant growth in mangrove cover, increasing by 253.06 km² from 2001 to 2023.

Conclusion

Through a combination of regulatory measures and initiatives like MISHTI, India is making significant strides in mangrove conservation. These efforts are crucial not only for protecting coastal ecosystems but also for mitigating climate change and supporting local livelihoods. As the country continues its commitment to mangrove restoration, these ecosystems will play a pivotal role in ensuring environmental stability and sustainability.