Context:

Recently, an international team of researchers identified six species closely related to Elettaria cardamomum, better known as green cardamom. Of these, four were previously classified under the genus Alpinia, while the remaining two were newly discovered in Kerala's Western Ghats.

The Newly Discovered Species

Two new species of Elettaria were found in Kerala's Western Ghats, distinguished by unique morphological traits from their more familiar cousin, Elettaria cardamomum.

• Elettaria facifera: Discovered in the Periyar Tiger Reserve, Idukki district, this species is characterized by sessile leaves and erect flowering shoots, different from the typical leafy shoots.
• Elettaria tulipifera: Found in the Agasthyamalai hills and Munnar, Idukki, this species is known for its striking tulip-shaped inflorescence, with large, bright to dark red whorled bracts that enhance its appearance.

About Cardamom Species

• Cardamom, often called the "Queen of Spices," is derived from the seeds of the Elettaria cardamomum plant.
• Native to southern India, it belongs to the ginger family, related to other aromatic spices like turmeric and ginger.

Soil and Climate Requirements for Growing Cardamom

• Soil: Cardamom requires forest loamy soils, rich in organic matter and slightly acidic, with an ideal pH range of 5.0 to 6.5. It flourishes in humus-rich soils, with moderate to low phosphorus and medium to high potassium levels.
• Elevation: It is typically grown at elevations of 600 to 1500 meters above sea level, where cooler temperatures and humid conditions benefit its growth.
• Temperature: The optimal temperature range for cardamom is between 10°C and 35°C. It does not tolerate extreme heat or frost.
• Rainfall: Cardamom requires substantial rainfall, ideally between 1500 to 4000 mm annually. Consistent precipitation throughout the year helps maintain moisture levels necessary for healthy plant growth.

Ideal Growing Conditions for High-Yield Cardamom

• Humus-rich, well-drained soils are essential for healthy root systems and optimal growth.
• Planting under taller trees in shaded areas helps maintain humidity and protects the plants from direct sunlight.
• By meeting the ideal soil, elevation, temperature, and rainfall conditions, farmers can ensure high-quality, aromatic cardamom.
• Successful cultivation is most common in tropical and subtropical regions, especially southern India, a major producer of cardamom