The growing trend of offering free goods and services—popularly known as "freebies"—has sparked a significant debate in India in recent years. Political parties frequently introduce such schemes, especially during election seasons, as a means to appeal to voters. While these initiatives can provide much-needed relief to marginalized sections of society, they also raise pressing concerns about economic sustainability, political ethics, and long-term social impact.

Recently, the Supreme Court of India expressed strong concerns about the growing trend of “freebies” offered by political parties and governments—especially during election periods. The Court questioned whether these policies, by providing goods and services free of cost, might inadvertently create a culture of dependency and reduce the incentive to work. 

Supreme Court’s Observations

In a hearing on shelter homes for the homeless, the Supreme Court raised a provocative question: Are these freebies creating a “class of parasites” by discouraging people from working? This statement highlights the Court’s apprehension that short-term, election-driven benefits could have long-term adverse effects. The Court underscored concerns that providing free provisions without any work requirement might foster a dependency culture and dilute the work ethic of the citizens. Furthermore, the Court noted that many such policies are introduced close to elections, suggesting they may be more about vote-bank politics than genuine public welfare.

Impact on Work Ethic and Dependency

One of the key issues raised is the impact of freebies on work ethic. Observations from regions like Maharashtra indicate that free provisions have contributed to a shortage of laborers in sectors such as agriculture. Critics argue that when individuals receive goods and services without any effort, there is less motivation to work. This potentially undermines personal responsibility and self-sufficiency, leading to a cycle of dependency on government support.

Political Motivations behind Freebies

The timing of freebie announcements—often just before elections—has led many to question their true purpose. Rather than being part of a long-term welfare strategy, these measures are frequently seen as tools for electoral gain. Surveys support this view; one study found that 78% of respondents labeled freebies as vote-seeking tactics. This electoral aspect further complicates the debate, as it brings into question whether the primary objective is public welfare or political maneuvering.

Public Opinion and Economic Concerns

Public opinion on freebies is divided. A survey conducted across multiple Indian cities revealed that:

• 56% of respondents viewed freebies as unnecessary.
• 78% of respondents believed freebies were mainly used as electoral incentives.
• 61% expressed concern over their impact on national finances.
• 84% of wealthier respondents considered freebies economically harmful, compared to 46% of lower-income respondents who saw subsidies on essentials—especially healthcare—as justified.

These statistics illustrate a significant economic and social divide in how freebies are perceived, reflecting concerns over fiscal responsibility and sustainability.

Freebies vs. Welfare Schemes:

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), in its 2022 report, defined freebies as "public welfare measures provided free of charge." These typically focus on short-term relief and include items like free laptops, TVs, bicycles, electricity, and water—often used as electoral incentives. However, some argue that they may encourage dependency rather than self-sufficiency.
• On the other hand, welfare schemes are structured programs aimed at long-term improvement in living standards and access to essential resources. Rooted in the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs) and aligned with social justice goals, these schemes aim for lasting benefits.
• Examples of welfare schemes include:
• Public Distribution System (PDS) – Ensuring food security.
• MGNREGA – Providing employment opportunities.
• Mid-Day Meal (MDM) Program – Addressing child nutrition and education.

 Positive Aspects of Freebies

• Support for Marginalized Communities: In regions with high poverty rates, freebies can provide essential support and help uplift lower-income groups.
• Foundation for Long-Term Welfare: Several long-term welfare initiatives have evolved from freebie schemes. For example, the Mid-Day Meal Scheme and subsidized food programs have played a key role in supporting the underprivileged.
• Boosting Local Industries: Some freebies, such as providing sewing machines or bicycles, can stimulate local industries and enhance economic activity.
• Enhanced Access to Education: Distribution of laptops and bicycles has been linked to improved school attendance and learning outcomes, especially in rural areas.
• Encouraging Social Welfare: Free services like bus passes for women have helped increase workforce participation and fostered women’s empowerment, ultimately contributing to overall social welfare.

Negative Aspects of Freebies

• Fiscal Burden: Freebie schemes can place a heavy strain on public finances. In some states, freebies account for a notable percentage of the state’s gross domestic product.
• Electoral Manipulation: The use of freebies as electoral tools is seen as undermining free and fair elections, as they may distort voter behavior.
• Resource Misallocation: Funds directed towards freebies could divert resources from critical sectors like healthcare, education, and infrastructure, affecting long-term development.
• Fostering Dependency: Instead of encouraging self-reliance, repeated free distributions may lead to a culture of dependency, reducing the incentive for individuals to work.
• Environmental Concerns: Some freebie schemes, such as subsidized free electricity, can lead to overuse of natural resources and environmental degradation.

Ethical Perspectives on Freebies

• Governmental Responsibility: The state has a moral duty to assist its citizens, especially the marginalized. However, there is a fine line between fulfilling this duty and engaging in populism for electoral gain. Ethical governance demands transparency, accountability, and a focus on sustainable development.
• Citizens’ Role: While beneficiaries of freebies gain immediate relief, there is also an ethical expectation for individuals to take responsibility for their growth. Over-reliance on freebies might discourage efforts towards self-improvement and economic independence.
• Equity and Justice: Policies must be analyzed to ensure that they do not favor certain groups disproportionately, thereby maintaining fairness and social equity.

The Way Forward

• Strengthening Democratic Institutions: Empowering bodies like the Election Commission to monitor and regulate the use of freebies during elections is crucial.
• Enhancing Voter Education: Educating the public about the long-term economic and social impacts of freebies can help voters make informed decisions.
• Focusing on Sustainable Welfare Programs: Shifting the policy focus from short-term incentives to structured, sustainable welfare schemes will promote long-term development.
• Ensuring Transparency and Accountability: Clear guidelines and robust anti-corruption measures can help ensure that welfare programs are effectively implemented and reach the intended beneficiaries.
• Investing in Social Security: Rather than relying on ad hoc free distributions, enhancing social security systems—such as quality healthcare, education, and job creation initiatives—will address the root causes of socio-economic inequality.

Conclusion

The Supreme Court’s remarks serve as a critical reminder of the potential pitfalls associated with the freebies culture in India. While freebies may offer immediate support to the marginalized, they also raise significant concerns about dependency, resource allocation, and electoral fairness. By carefully examining both the positive and negative dimensions of these policies, and by adopting a more sustainable and equitable approach to public welfare, India can better balance immediate relief with long-term economic and social progress. This balanced approach will be essential in shaping future welfare and fiscal policies in the country.

Source: The Indian Express