Date : 20/09/2023

Relevance – GS Paper 3 – Science and Technology

Keywords – Cybersecurity, Quantum chemistry, Climate Change Mitigation

Context

Quantum computing is rapidly emerging as a transformative technology, capturing the attention of both public and private sectors worldwide. Its remarkable potential lies in its ability to deliver unprecedented computing speed compared to classical computers and its potential to revolutionize cybersecurity. Moreover, quantum computing is finding applications in diverse fields, from quantum chemistry to medicine, agriculture, and climate change mitigation. This article explores the major international initiatives in quantum computing and the challenges they may face in the future.

The Global Quantum Computing Landscape

As of 2022, the quantum computing sector has attracted substantial investments, reaching approximately US$35.5 billion globally. This growth can be attributed to the promising leap in computing capabilities offered by quantum computers and the paradigm shift they bring to cybersecurity. Quantum computers leverage the principles of quantum mechanics, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform complex calculations exponentially faster than classical computers.

Furthermore, quantum computing is not confined to a single domain but extends its reach to various sectors:

1. Quantum Chemistry: Quantum computers can simulate molecular interactions with exceptional precision, potentially revolutionizing drug discovery and materials science.
2. Medicine: Quantum computing can accelerate medical research, enabling the rapid analysis of genetic data, drug interactions, and disease modeling.
3. Agriculture: Quantum computing can optimize crop management and supply chain logistics, contributing to more efficient and sustainable agriculture.
4. Climate Change: Quantum computing can enhance climate modeling and analysis, aiding in the development of effective climate change mitigation strategies.

International Collaboration in Quantum Computing

Widespread international collaboration among governments and private sector corporations has been a driving force behind the rapid development of quantum computing. Given the nascent nature of this technology, global cooperation plays a pivotal role in advancing the field. Below are some major international initiatives in quantum computing:

Inter-Governmental Initiatives:

1. Quantum Technologies Flagship: Established by the European Union (EU) in 2018 with a budget of approximately 1 billion euros, the Quantum Technologies Flagship aims to consolidate European leadership in quantum technologies. It brings together research institutions, private companies, and public entities to foster collaboration. One of its key projects, the International Cooperation on Quantum Technologies (InCoQFlag), seeks to collaborate with countries heavily investing in quantum technologies, such as the United States, Canada, and Japan, by sharing technologies, skills, and knowledge through workshops and networking sessions.
2. AUKUS: AUKUS is a trilateral security arrangement formed in 2021 between Australia, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US). One of its objectives is to develop and integrate quantum technologies into advanced military capabilities. The AUKUS Quantum Arrangement, initiated in 2022, aims to accelerate investments in quantum capabilities, with a focus on maintaining a strategic advantage in quantum computing and cryptography, particularly in competition with China.
3. Quad: The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, known as the Quad, established a Critical and Emerging Technology Working Group in 2021. Its purpose is to ensure that standards and frameworks for key technologies, including quantum computing, are governed by shared interests and values. In May 2023, the Quad Investors Network (QUIN) was launched, connecting investors interested in novel technologies. The QUIN also inaugurated the Quad Centre of Excellence in Quantum Information Sciences to promote technological cooperation, market access, and cross-border investments in quantum information sciences.
4. CERN Quantum Technology Initiative: The European Council for Nuclear Research (CERN) initiated the Quantum Technology Initiative in 2020. This comprehensive R&D and academic program aims to establish collaborations among its 23 member states and international partners in quantum technologies. It focuses on developing new computing, detector, and communication systems while advancing knowledge of quantum systems and information processing. CERN also participates in the Open Quantum Initiative, a global center for quantum technology set to be established in Geneva by 2027.

Private Initiatives:

1. IBM: IBM, a technological innovation leader, announced a US$100 million initiative at the G7 Summit in May 2023. Collaborating with the University of Tokyo and the University of Chicago, IBM aims to develop a 100,000-qubit quantum computer over the next decade. In 2022, the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, joined the IBM Quantum Network, furthering quantum computing research and skills development in India.
2. Google: Google achieved "quantum supremacy" in 2019 and has become a major player in quantum computing. It collaborates with various quantum computing startups, including IonQ, QSimulate, and Pasqal. In 2021, Google launched the Digital Future Initiative, a US$1 billion investment over five years in Australian infrastructure, research, and partnerships. It has also established a Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab in Sydney and partners with universities to explore new quantum computing applications.
3. D-Wave: D-Wave, headquartered in Canada, is the first company globally to commercially offer quantum computers. It specializes in both annealing and gate-model quantum computers and has worked closely with NASA and Google to set up Quantum Artificial Intelligence Labs. D-Wave's cloud service launched in India in 2020, providing real-time access to its quantum computers for developers and researchers. It has also collaborated with the Australian Department of Defence to optimize the use of autonomous vehicles in army resupply operations.
4. Infosys: In India, Infosys has been at the forefront of quantum computing development and related technologies. It partnered with Australian quantum cybersecurity firm QuintessenceLabs to create a quantum random number generator compatible with classical encryption systems, enhancing cybersecurity capabilities. Infosys also collaborates with Amazon Web Services, QuintessenceLabs, and QCWare to establish "Quantum Living Labs," offering innovative solutions leveraging quantum computing technology.

Challenges to International Cooperation

Despite the extensive international cooperation in quantum computing, certain developments pose challenges to this collaborative ecosystem. One prominent concern is China's growing dominance in the field, primarily driven by initiatives like the "Thousand Talents Plan." This recruitment program seeks to attract scientists from around the world by offering substantial salary increases to bring their research to China. However, cases have emerged of scientists illicitly sharing technology and research findings with China, leading the United States to accuse China of intellectual property theft.

This situation has created an atmosphere of suspicion among countries, making them more reluctant to share research. As a consequence, the UK, Israel, and Switzerland were excluded from the EU's Quantum Technologies Flagship program due to concerns about intellectual property rules.

Fostering Collaborative Innovation:

To address the challenges and foster collaborative innovation in quantum computing, we need a forward-looking approach. Here are some key strategies:

• Global Ethical Framework: Establish a global ethical framework that outlines responsible research and technology-sharing practices in quantum computing. This framework should emphasize transparency, ethical conduct, and respect for intellectual property rights. By adhering to ethical guidelines, nations can build trust and confidence in international collaborations.
• Knowledge Sharing: Promote knowledge sharing through open research platforms, international conferences, and collaborative projects. Encourage scientists, researchers, and organizations to openly share their findings and discoveries while respecting legal and ethical boundaries. Open-access quantum computing research can accelerate progress and minimize suspicions.
• Inclusive Partnerships: Embrace inclusive partnerships that involve a wide range of countries, including emerging economies. By involving diverse perspectives and expertise, we can harness the full potential of quantum computing and ensure that its benefits are shared globally.
• Regulatory Frameworks: Develop regulatory frameworks that balance security concerns with scientific collaboration. These frameworks should provide clear guidelines for technology transfer, export controls, and the protection of sensitive information. Striking the right balance between security and collaboration is essential.
• Global Initiatives: Support global initiatives that promote peaceful and collaborative uses of quantum computing technology. Encourage organizations like the United Nations to play a role in coordinating international efforts and setting norms for responsible quantum computing development.

Conclusion

Quantum computing represents a quantum leap in technological advancement, offering unparalleled computing power and transformative applications across various sectors. International collaboration has been a driving force in the development of quantum computing, with inter-governmental initiatives and private-sector investments contributing to its growth.

Despite the challenges posed by competitive dynamics and concerns about intellectual property, the global community must recognize the importance of unity in advancing quantum computing. It is a technology that has the potential to revolutionize industries, address complex global challenges, and shape the future in unimaginable ways. Therefore, fostering international cooperation, sharing knowledge, and adhering to ethical principles should remain at the forefront of quantum computing's development journey.

Source – ORF