Date : 25/07/2023

Relevance: GS Paper2; Effect of Policies & Politics of Countries on India's Interests

Keywords: Unipolar world, Multopolar world, Non-Aligned Approach

Context -

• India's aspirations to become a great power have sparked debates, with some advocating assertive international engagement while others prioritize addressing domestic challenges.
• However, it is essential to consider the global consequences of India's rise while acknowledging inherent limitations. Striking a delicate balance between shaping the world order and attending to domestic concerns is crucial, as it will not only define India's future but also shape the destiny of its burgeoning population.

India's Transformation:

• Looking back at India in 1991, it was a weak and impoverished nation with a foreign exchange reserve of $5.8 billion and a nominal GDP of $270.11 billion. Approximately 50% of its population, totaling 846 million, lived in poverty.
• The prospect of a nuclear conflict with Pakistan and unrest in Kashmir added to the challenges faced by the country. Moreover, India's relationship with the United States was strained after the collapse of its trusted partner, the Soviet Union.
• Fast forward to 2023, and India's transformation is remarkable. The foreign exchange reserve has grown to around $600 billion, providing a robust economic base. The fear of a war with Pakistan has diminished, but challenges posed by China have emerged.
• India's economy has become the world's fifth-largest, and its nominal GDP is expected to reach $4 trillion soon. With a strong military and over a hundred nuclear weapons, India has solidified its position as a major player in the global arena. The country now enjoys strong relationships with several powerful states, including the United States.
• India's visionary investments over several decades are yielding positive results, creating a favorable external atmosphere for its rise.

The Reality of Power:

• Despite the economic growth and military strength, India's GDP per capita was $1,947 in 2021, which is relatively low compared to other major economies. For instance, Bangladesh, with a GDP per capita of $2,227, outperformed India in this aspect, despite being much smaller in military strength. This comparison highlights the discrepancy between material power and the well-being of citizens.
• India also grapples with major infrastructural and governance challenges. While there have been improvements in the ease of doing business, bribery remains an issue when starting a business. Inadequate infrastructure leads to recurring problems, such as the capital city, New Delhi, facing significant disruptions during the monsoon season.
• Furthermore, deep-seated regional, caste, ethnic, and religious divisions continue to be hurdles to national unity and progress. These domestic challenges demand political attention, which might divert focus from external engagements.

Balancing Domestic Priorities and Global Influence:

• Critics argue that India should prioritize resolving domestic challenges before venturing into global affairs. They assert that focusing on uplifting millions above the poverty line and improving governance should be the primary objectives.
• However, completely dismissing the country's role in shaping the global order would be a strategic blunder. As an emerging great power, India cannot afford to be merely a 'rule taker'; it must shape the rules to serve its foreign policy objectives and safeguard its economic growth, security environment, and geopolitical interests.
• India's ability to influence international politics is intertwined with its domestic context. While it faces limitations, neglecting global engagement entirely would not be in its best interest. By participating in issues like debt restructuring, climate change, global trade, and non-proliferation, India can assert its influence and contribute positively to the global stage. Such engagements must, however, be pursued with a strong emphasis on the well-being of its citizens, ensuring that India's global role complements its domestic priorities.

Conclusion:

India's journey towards great power status presents a multifaceted dilemma that requires a nuanced approach. Striking a balance between domestic priorities and global influence is vital for India's sustained growth and impact on the world stage. By proactively shaping the international order and addressing domestic challenges simultaneously, India can define its future trajectory while ensuring the well-being of its 1.4 billion citizens. A thoughtful and strategic approach will enable India to navigate its great power ambitions responsibly and effectively.

Source : The Hindu