Context

In the automotive industry, there is growing interest in an internal combustion engine fueled by ammonia. This innovative approach is gaining attention because it explores alternative propulsion methods without completely abandoning traditional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) systems or transitioning to Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs).

Malaysian energy giant Petroliam Nasional (Petronas) and Singapore's sovereign wealth fund GIC will invest in a project to produce five million tonnes of green ammonia a year in India by 2030.

Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) Systems:

1. Definition and Operation:  ICE systems utilize traditional engines that combust fossil fuels (such as petrol or diesel) to generate power. The fuel-air mixture ignites, creating an explosion that propels the vehicle forward.
2. Applications:  These systems are commonly found in a range of vehicles, including cars, trucks, and motorcycles, powering their wheels through combustion-driven mechanisms.
3. Environmental Impact:  ICE vehicles emit exhaust gasses, contributing to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, making them a concern for environmental sustainability.

Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs):

• Definition and Power Source:  BEVs are electric vehicles powered exclusively by rechargeable batteries, which drive an electric motor. These batteries need to be charged using electricity from the grid.
• Charging and Energy Sources:  BEVs require electricity for charging, sourced from various outlets, including renewable energy, making them a cleaner and greener alternative to traditional vehicles.
• Emission Reduction:  BEVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, making them environmentally friendly and contributing significantly to reducing air pollution.

Major Applications of Ammonia:

1.      Agriculture: 

Ammonia is crucial in the production of ammonia-based fertilizers like ammonium nitrate and urea, vital for crop growth.

2.      Chemical Industry: 

It serves as a fundamental ingredient in producing substances such as nitric acid, ammonium sulfate, and various nitrogen-based compounds. Additionally, ammonia is used in manufacturing synthetic fibers like nylon.

3.      Manufacturing and Household: 

In industrial settings, it functions as a refrigerant in refrigeration systems and air conditioning. It's also utilized in dye manufacturing and as a pH regulator in dyeing processes. Moreover, it's an ingredient in household cleaning products.

Advantages of Using Ammonia as a Fuel:

1. High Energy Density:  Ammonia possesses high energy density, suitable for long-term applications, being nine times more energy-dense than lithium-ion batteries and three times that of compressed hydrogen.
2. Low Carbon Emissions:  Ammonia has the potential to produce nearly zero carbon dioxide emissions during combustion, making it eco-friendly, especially in comparison to fossil fuels.
3. Bridge Fuel:  It can act as a transitional fuel, reducing reliance on traditional fossil fuels, thereby enhancing energy security and diversifying the energy mix.

Challenges Associated with Using Ammonia as a Fuel:

• Environmental Impact:  Despite low CO2 emissions, current ammonia engines emit pollutants, including unburned ammonia and nitrogen oxides, leading to environmental and health risks.
• Production Challenges:  Traditional ammonia production processes are energy-intensive and reliant on fossil fuels. Green ammonia production, using renewable energy, faces hurdles in terms of cost and scalability.
• Toxicity and Safety Concerns:  Ammonia is highly toxic and corrosive, posing risks to both humans and the environment if not handled carefully. Accidents or mishandling could have severe consequences.
• Fuel Quality Standards:  Establishing consistent quality standards for ammonia as a fuel is complex, especially considering variations in production sources and impurity levels.

The Way ahead

• Research and Development:  Investment in research is essential to develop highly efficient and cleaner ammonia engines. This involves refining combustion processes and designing engines capable of utilizing ammonia fuel while minimizing (NOx) emissions. These practical improvements in engine design can enhance the viability of ammonia as a fuel source.
• Safety Training:  Implementing comprehensive training programs for individuals working in the ammonia industry is crucial. Proper training in handling procedures, adherence to safety protocols, and knowledge of emergency response measures can significantly mitigate the risks associated with ammonia's toxicity.
• Market Incentives:  Introducing market incentives, such as tax credits or subsidies, can stimulate the adoption of ammonia as a fuel, particularly in sectors where its usage could have a substantial positive impact, such as maritime transport. These incentives can encourage businesses and industries to transition to ammonia-based systems.
• Ammonia Hybrids:  Developing hybrid systems that integrate ammonia with other renewable energy sources like solar and wind power is a promising approach. During periods of low renewable energy generation, ammonia can serve as a fuel, ensuring a continuous and reliable energy supply while promoting sustainability.

Source –The Indian Express