Context-

In contemporary armed conflicts, the widespread use of drones, or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), has reshaped military strategies worldwide. The pivotal role of drones, notably highlighted in Azerbaijan's victory in 2020, underscores their significance in modern warfare.

However, the dual-use nature of drones has sparked a security dilemma, mirroring Thucydides' trap, where their proliferation fuels tensions among states. Both state and non-state actors have embraced drones, as seen in Pakistan's strikes against Iran, Turkish military operations in Syria, and Russia's involvement in Ukraine. India, amidst escalating security dynamics, has embarked on proactive measures to bolster its indigenous drone capabilities while advocating for responsible usage.

Evolution of Drones

Unmanned aircraft technology has witnessed significant growth over the past two decades. Drones, defined as powered aerial vehicles devoid of human operators, have found applications across civilian and military domains. Equipped with advanced hardware and software components, drones serve diverse purposes ranging from surveillance to payload delivery. Military drones, categorized as armed and unarmed, are extensively utilized for reconnaissance, intelligence gathering, and targeted strikes.

While initial drone development dates back to the early 20th century, it gained momentum in the 1960s, notably during the Vietnam War and the Lebanon conflict. However, it was post-9/11 when the United States spearheaded drone proliferation, leading to a surge in global demand.

By 2019, nearly 100 countries possessed military drones, with over 30,000 deployed worldwide, showcasing their widespread adoption. The drone market, dominated by major players like the United States, Israel, and China, has witnessed remarkable growth, with regional players like Turkey and Iran making substantial strides.

Drivers of Increased Drone Usage

Debates surrounding increased drone usage revolve around two predominant narratives. Proponents tout drones as transformative technology, minimizing risks to soldiers and lowering the threshold for the use of force. Conversely, skeptics view drones as incremental innovations rather than transformative, given their parallels with conventional air technologies.

However, the proliferation of drones is fueled by both supply and demand dynamics. On the supply side, Technological advancements, cost-effectiveness, and lax export regulations have facilitated drone production and dissemination globally. On the demand side, states acquire drones in response to evolving security threats, including border disputes, terrorism, and insurgencies. India's procurement of advanced drones amidst tensions with China exemplifies this trend, reflecting states' pursuit of drones to bolster defense capabilities and surveillance operations, while France acquired MQ-9 Reapers to enhance surveillance capabilities against alleged insurgents and terrorist operatives.

International Responses to Drone Proliferation

The surge in drone usage has prompted international efforts to address associated risks. Through mechanisms like the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms and the Wassenaar Arrangement, states have sought to regulate drone transfers and mitigate misuse.

The United States has taken strides towards transparency in drone strikes, emphasizing accountability and oversight. Recognizing the need for a comprehensive legal framework, efforts are underway to reconcile drone usage with principles of civilian protection and international law.

India's Role in the Drone Ecosystem

Against the backdrop of escalating security challenges, India has recognized the strategic importance of drones. Recent incidents, such as the drone attack on the Jammu Air Force Station, underscore the imperative for India to bolster its drone capabilities.

As one of the largest importers of drones, India primarily sources its drone technology from Israel, acquiring various models including Heron I, Searcher Mk II, and Harop loitering munitions. Recent acquisitions of advanced drones such as the Heron 2, equipped with satellite-linked surveillance capabilities along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), reflect India's strategic response to border security concerns. Additionally, approvals from the US State Department for the procurement of armed MQ-9B Sky Guardian drones signify India's efforts to diversify its drone inventory.

 Additionally, indigenous drone development has been a priority, with initiatives like the Defense Research and Development Organization's (DRDO) Nishant UAV project laying the groundwork. India's defense forces have invested in domestically developed drones like Rustom and Netra, alongside acquiring advanced systems to enhance border surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities.

Government Initiatives and Industry Growth

The enactment of the Drone Rules 2021 aims to stimulate the domestic drone industry, aligning with broader objectives of fostering a robust military-industrial complex. Indian startups and private firms, including ideaForge and Asteria Aerospace, have emerged as key players in the drone sector. Collaborations between the military and private entities, exemplified by contracts signed for swarm drones and counter-UAS systems, signify a concerted push towards indigenous development. Government support, coupled with a conducive innovation ecosystem, positions India for exponential growth in the drone industry.

Prospects and Challenges

Despite strides in indigenous drone development, India's drone ecosystem remains nascent. While recent contracts and collaborations indicate positive momentum, challenges persist, including regulatory hurdles and technological constraints.

However, India's historical strengths in innovation and engineering, coupled with burgeoning demand, signal immense potential for the drone industry. Projections suggest a multibillion-dollar industry by 2030, with India poised to emerge as a global drone hub. Continued government support, coupled with sustained private sector engagement, will be crucial in realizing this vision.

Conclusion

Drones have emerged as a cornerstone of modern warfare, offering strategic advantages while posing unique challenges to international security. As states and non-state actors increasingly embrace drone technology, the need for comprehensive regulatory frameworks becomes paramount. India's proactive stance towards indigenous drone development reflects its recognition of drones' strategic significance amidst evolving security dynamics. By fostering a robust ecosystem encompassing government initiatives and private sector innovation, India is poised to capitalize on the burgeoning drone industry. However, addressing regulatory hurdles and technological constraints will be essential in realizing India's aspirations of becoming a global drone powerhouse. In navigating the complex terrain of drone proliferation, adherence to international norms and principles is imperative to safeguarding peace and security in the 21st century.

Source- The Hindu